Free Information A-Z
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About this information
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The information available from the links below is reliable, easy-to-read (plain English) and, in some cases, easily avaialble for print. This information is recommended by the Australian Orthopaedic Association.
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Orthoinfo, the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons page for patients, is here. Their information is notated (AAOS).
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Orthoanswer, a web site developed for patients by a fellow Australian orthopaedic surgeon, is here. Their information is notated (Au)
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NHS Choice, the website of the National Health Service in the UK, is here. Their information is notated (NHS).
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To use this page
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Look for the topic you would like information on.
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The subjects underneath are all sorted alphabetically.
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A-L are in the left column, M-X are in the right column.
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Click in the link
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For example - for hip arthritis, scroll down to the "H" section, find "hip arthritis", and click on the link.
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Alternatively use the "search" or "find" feature in your browser to locate the word or phrase you are looking for on this page.
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The default/usual keys to press to find things in most web browser is Ctrl+F.
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Any/all patients being considered for surgery will be shown this information as part of their "informed consent" process.
A
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AC (Acromioclavicular) Joint Dislocation (Au)
Achilles Tendon Rupture (Tear) (AAOS)
ACL Injury: Does It Require Surgery? (AAOS)
ACL Reconstruction Procedure (AAOS)
Activities After Hip Replacement (AAOS)
Activities After Knee Replacement (AAOS)
Adolescent Anterior Knee Pain (AAOS)
Adolescent Hip Dysplasia (AAOS)
Adult Acquired Flatfoot (AAOS)
Adult Forearm Fractures (AAOS)
Adult Spondylolisthesis in the Low Back (AAOS)
Alternative Methods to Help Manage Pain After Orthopaedic Surgery (AAOS)
Anaesthesia - General anaesthetic (NHS)
Anaesthesia - Local anaesthetic (NHS)
Anesthesia for Hip and Knee Surgery (AAOS)
Ankle Arthrodesis (fusion) (Au)
Ankle Fractures (Broken Ankle) (AAOS)
Ankle Fractures In Children (AAOS)
Ankle Instability (Chronic) (Au)
Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Injuries (AAOS)
Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Injuries (Au)
Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion (AAOS)
Anticoagulant medicines - Warfarin (NHS)
Anti-inflammatories, non-steroidal (NHS)
Antiphospholipid syndrome (NHS)
Antiplatelets, clopidogrel (NHS)
Arthritis - Osteoarthritis (NHS)
Arthritis - Psoriatic arthritis (NHS)
Arthritis - Rheumatoid arthritis (NHS)
Arthritis - Septic arthritis (NHS)
Arthritis in the Big Toe (Hallux Rigidus) (Au)
Arthritis of the Foot and Ankle (AAOS)
Arthritis of the Shoulder (AAOS)
Arthritis of the Shoulder (Au)
Arthrodesis (fusion) of the Big Toe (Au)
Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair (AAOS)
Arthroscopic Shoulder Stabilisation (Au)
Articular Cartilage Restoration (AAOS)
Artificial Disk Replacement in the Lumbar Spine (AAOS)
Avoiding injury in the older person (Au)
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B
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Back Pain - Managing back pain (NHS)
Back Pain - Shoulder pain (NHS)
Back Pain - Slipped disc (NHS)
Back Pain - Spondylolisthesis (NHS)
Back Pain and Spine Disorders in U.S. Veterans (AAOS)
Before and After Total Joint Replacement (AAOS)
Biceps Tendon Tear at the Elbow (AAOS)
Biceps Tendon Tear at the Shoulder (AAOS)
Biceps Tendon Tear at the Shoulder (Au)
Blood clot - Arterial thrombosis (NHS)
Blood clot – Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) (NHS)
Blood clot - Pulmonary embolism (NHS)
Bone and Tissue Transplantation (AAOS)
Bone cancer - Living with cancer (NHS)
Bone Grafts in Spine Surgery (AAOS)
Bone health - Osteomalacia (NHS)
Bone health - Osteophyte (bone spur) (NHS)
Bone health - Osteoporosis (NHS)
Bone Sarcoma in the Upper Extremity: Treatment Options Using Limb Salvage or Amputation (AAOS)
Bone, Joint, and Muscle Infections in Children (AAOS)
Bowed Legs (Blount's Disease) (AAOS)
Brachial Plexus Injuries (AAOS)
Broken Arm - general advice (Au)
Burning Thigh Pain (Meralgia Paresthetica) (AAOS)
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C
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Calcaneus (Heel Bone) Fractures (AAOS)
Cancer - Living with cancer (NHS)
Cancer - Multiple myeloma (NHS)
Care of Casts and Splints (AAOS)
Care of Casts and Splints (Au)
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Animation (AAOS)
Cervical Fracture (Broken Neck) (AAOS)
Cervical Radiculopathy (Pinched Nerve) (AAOS)
Cervical Spondylosis (Arthritis of the Neck) (AAOS)
Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy (Spinal Cord Compression) (AAOS)
Charcot Marie Tooth Disease (Au)
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease (AAOS)
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (NHS)
Chronic Shoulder Instability (AAOS)
Clavicle (Collarbone) fractures (Au)
Clavicle Fracture (Broken Collarbone) (AAOS)
Collateral Ligament Injuries (AAOS)
Combined Knee Ligament Injuries (AAOS)
Common Shoulder Injuries (AAOS)
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (Au)
Complex regional pain syndrome (NHS)
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy) (AAOS)
Congenital Hand Differences (AAOS)
Congenital hip dislocation (NHS)
Congenital Muscular Torticollis (Twisted Neck) (AAOS)
Congenital Torticollis (Twisted Neck) (Au)
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D
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De Quervain's Tendinosis (AAOS)
Developmental Dislocation (Dysplasia) of the Hip (DDH) (AAOS)
Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH) (Au)
Diabetic (Charcot) Foot (AAOS)
Disk herniation (slipped disk) (Au)
Dislocation After Total Hip Replacement (AAOS)
Distal Femur (Thighbone) Fractures of the Knee (AAOS)
Distal Humerus Fractures of the Elbow (AAOS)
Distal Radius Fractures (Broken Wrist) (AAOS)
Down Syndrome: Musculoskeletal Effects (AAOS)
Dysplasia of the hip, children (NHS)
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E
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Elbow (Olecranon) Bursitis (AAOS)
Elbow (Olecranon) Fractures (AAOS)
Elbow Fractures in Children (AAOS)
Elbow fractures in children (Au)
Elbow Injuries in the Throwing Athlete (AAOS)
Electrodiagnostic Testing (AAOS)
Erb's Palsy (Brachial Plexus Birth Palsy) (AAOS)
Exercises After Hip Replacement (Au)
Extra-Abdominal Desmoid Tumors (AAOS)
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F
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Female Athlete Triad: Problems Caused by Extreme Exercise and Dieting (AAOS)
Femoroacetabular Impingement (AAOS)
Femoroacetabular Impingement (FAI - Hip Impingement) (Au)
Femur Shaft Fractures (Broken Thighbone) (AAOS)
Find weight loss support services (NHS)
Fingertip Injuries and Amputations (AAOS)
Fitness - Physical activity guidelines for adults (NHS)
Fitness - Physical activity guidelines for over 65s (NHS)
Fitness - Physical activity guidelines for under fives (NHS)
Fitness - Physical activity guidelines for young people (NHS)
Fixation of Distal Radial Fractures (Au)
Fixation of Scaphoid Fractures (Au)
Flexible Flatfoot in Children (AAOS)
Foot and Ankle Conditioning Program (AAOS)
Foot and Ankle Rehabilitation Exercises (AAOS)
Foot Arthrodesis - Hindfoot (Au)
Forearm Fractures in Children (AAOS)
Fracture of the Thoracic and Lumbar Spine (Au)
Frozen Shoulder (Adhesive Capsulitis) (Au)
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G
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Ganglion (Cyst) of the Wrist (Au)
Ganglion Cyst of the Wrist and Hand (AAOS)
General Rehabilitation in Physiotherapy (Au)
Getting the Most Out of Your Doctor's Visit (AAOS)
Giant Cell Tumor of Bone (AAOS)
Glossary of Orthopaedic Diagnostic Tests (AAOS)
Glucosamine and Chondroitin Sulfate (AAOS)
Golfer's Elbow (Medial Epicondylitis) (Au)
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H
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Hamstring Muscle Injuries (AAOS)
Heat Injury and Heat Exhaustion (AAOS)
Heel Pain | Fat Pad Contusion (Au)
Helping Fractures Heal (Orthobiologics) (AAOS)
Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (NHS)
Hereditary neuropathy with pressure palsies (HNPP) (NHS)
Hereditary spastic paraplegia (NHS)
Herniated Disk Animation (AAOS)
Herniated Disk in the Lower Back (AAOS)
High School Sports Injuries (AAOS)
Hip Bursitis (trochanteric bursitis) (Au)
Hip Conditioning Program (AAOS)
Hip dysplasia (children) (NHS)
Hip Rehabilitation Exercises (AAOS)
How to Use Crutches, Canes, and Walkers (AAOS)
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I
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Idiopathic Scoliosis in Children and Adolescents (AAOS)
Impingement syndrome (trapped shoulder tendon) (NHS)
Infections After Fracture (AAOS)
Inflammatory Arthritis of the Hip (AAOS)
Internal Fixation for Fractures (AAOS)
Introduction to Scoliosis (AAOS)
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J
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Joint Replacement Infection (AAOS)
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K
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Knee Arthroscopy Exercise Guide (AAOS)
Knee Conditioning Program (AAOS)
Knee Rehabilitation Exercises (AAOS)
Knee Replacement Implants (AAOS)
Knee surgery, anterior cruciate ligament (NHS)
Kyphosis (Roundback) of the Spine (AAOS)
Kyphosis (Roundback) of the Spine (Au)
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L
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Lateral Ankle Reconstruction for Ankle Instability (Au)
Lateral Collateral Ligament Injury (Au)
Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion (AAOS)
Lawn Mower Injuries in Children (AAOS)
Limb Length Discrepancy (AAOS)
Lisfranc (Midfoot) Injury (AAOS)
Low Back Surgery Exercise Guide (AAOS)
M
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Magnetic resonance imaging scan (NHS)
Mallet Finger (Baseball Finger) (AAOS)
Managing Arthritis Pain With Exercise (AAOS)
Managing Pain With Medications After Orthopaedic Surgery (AAOS)
Medial Collateral Ligament Injury (Au)
Medial tibial stress syndrome (NHS)
Median nerve compression (NHS)
Meniscal Transplant Surgery (AAOS)
Meniscus Tears Overview (AAOS)
Metastatic Bone Disease (AAOS)
Metastatic Bone Disease: Treatment Options for Specific Areas of Spread (AAOS)
Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (NHS)
Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery (AAOS)
Minimally Invasive Total Hip Replacement (AAOS)
Minimally Invasive Total Knee Replacement (AAOS)
Mitral valve problems and operations (NHS)
Monteggia Fracture-Dislocations (Au)
Multiple Myeloma/Plasmacytoma (AAOS)
Muscle Contusion (Bruise) (AAOS)
Muscle Strains in the Thigh (AAOS)
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N
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Nail abnormalities - Fungal nail infection (NHS)
Nail abnormalities - Ingrown toenail (NHS)
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NHS)
Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NHS)
Neuromuscular Scoliosis (AAOS)
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NHS)
Nonsurgical Treatment Options for Scoliosis (AAOS)
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O
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Obesity, Weight Loss, and Joint Replacement Surgery (AAOS)
Obstructive sleep apnoea (NHS)
Olecranon Bursitis (Elbow bursitis) (Au)
Onychogryphosis (overgrown nails) (NHS)
Operation, going into hospital (NHS)
Orthopaedic Evidence-Based Medicine (AAOS)
OSA (obstructive sleep apnoea) (NHS)
Osgood-Schlatter Disease (Knee Pain) (AAOS)
Osgood-Schlatter's disease (NHS)
Osteoarthritis of the Elbow (AAOS)
Osteoarthritis of the Elbow (Au)
Osteoarthritis of the Hip (AAOS)
Osteoarthritis of the Hip (Au)
Osteoarthritis of the Hip Animation (AAOS)
Osteoarthritis of the Knee (Au)
Osteoarthritis of the Knee Animation (AAOS)
Osteochondritis Dessicans of the Elbow (Au)
Osteochondritis Dissecans (AAOS)
Osteofibrous Dysplasia and Adamantinoma (AAOS)
Osteogenesis Imperfecta (AAOS)
Osteonecrosis of the Hip (AAOS)
Osteonecrosis of the Knee (AAOS)
Osteonecrosis of the Knee (Au)
Osteoporosis and Spinal Fractures (AAOS)
Overuse Injuries in Children (AAOS)
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P
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Paget's Disease of Bone (AAOS)
Painkillers - Children's medicines (NHS)
Painkillers - Children's medicines (NHS)
Painkillers, paracetamol (NHS)
Patella (Kneecap) Fractures (Au)
Patellar (Kneecap) Fractures (AAOS)
Patellar Dislocation and Instability in Children (Unstable Kneecap) (AAOS)
Patellar Tendinitis (Jumper's Knee) (Au)
Patellofemoral Arthritis (AAOS)
Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (AAOS)
Patellofemoral Replacement (AAOS)
Patient Guide to Safe Surgery (AAOS)
Patient Story: ACL and Meniscus Tears (AAOS)
Patient Story: Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AAOS)
Patient Story: Ankle Fracture (AAOS)
Patient Story: Ankle Fracture and Chronic Ankle Laxity (AAOS)
Patient Story: Ankle Joint Replacement (AAOS)
Patient Story: Ankle, Elbow, and Vertebral Fractures (AAOS)
Patient Story: Bone Cancer (AAOS)
Patient Story: Chiari Malformation and Scoliosis (AAOS)
Patient Story: Hip Resurfacing (AAOS)
Patient Story: Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury (AAOS)
Patient Story: Infection After Fracture (AAOS)
Patient Story: Knee Ligament Injuries (AAOS)
Patient Story: Knee Ligament Injuries and Meniscus Tear (AAOS)
Patient Story: Multiple Fractures in the Spine, Knees, and Ankles (AAOS)
Patient Story: Multiple Knee Injuries and Knee Instability (AAOS)
Patient Story: Orthopaedic Trauma and Arthritis (AAOS)
Patient Story: Osteoarthritis and Total Knee Replacement (AAOS)
Patient Story: Posttraumatic Arthritis and Total Knee Replacement (AAOS)
Patient Story: Rotator Cuff Tear (AAOS)
Patient Story: Scoliosis Treatment With Growing Rods (AAOS)
Patient Story: Scoliosis Treatment With Spinal Fusion Surgery (AAOS)
Patient Story: Severe Injuries and Fractures Lead to Multiple Surgeries (AAOS)
Patients Are Important Members of the Healthcare Team (AAOS)
Periosteal and Soft Tissue Chondromas (AAOS)
Peripheral arterial disease (NHS)
Peroneal muscular atrophy (NHS)
Pes Anserine (Knee Tendon) Bursitis (AAOS)
Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis (AAOS)
Pilon Fractures of the Ankle (AAOS)
Plantar Fasciitis and Bone Spurs (AAOS)
Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) (AAOS)
Positron emission tomography (NHS)
Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL) Injury (Au)
Posterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries (AAOS)
Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion and Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion (AAOS)
Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction (AAOS)
Posterolateral Lumbar Fusion (AAOS)
Post-traumatic stress disorder (NHS)
Preparing for Joint Replacement Surgery (AAOS)
Preparing for Low Back Surgery (AAOS)
Preparing for Surgery - Learning Modules (AAOS)
Preparing for Surgery: Health Condition Checklist (AAOS)
Preparing for Surgery: Medication Safety Checklist (AAOS)
Prepatellar (Kneecap) Bursitis (AAOS)
Preventing adolescent injuries (Au)
Preventing Back Pain at Work and at Home (Au)
Preventing Blood Clots After Orthopaedic Surgery (AAOS)
Preventing Falls and Broken Hips (Au)
Preventing Infection After Joint Replacement Surgery (AAOS)
Primary Lymphoma of Bone (AAOS)
Protein C, Protein S or antithrombin deficiency (NHS)
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Q
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Questions and Answers About Metal-on-Metal Hip Implants (AAOS)
Questions to Ask Your Doctor Before Surgery (AAOS)
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R
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Radial Head Fractures of the Elbow (AAOS)
Radius and Ulna (forearm) fractures (Au)
Recurrent and Chronic Elbow Instability (AAOS)
Rehabilitation after Ankle Sprain (Au)
Repetitive strain injury (RSI) (NHS)
Research and clinical trials (NHS)
Reverse Shoulder Replacement (Au)
Reverse Total Shoulder Replacement (AAOS)
Revision Knee Replacement (Au)
Revision Total Hip Replacement (AAOS)
Revision Total Knee Replacement (AAOS)
Rheumatoid Arthritis of the Foot and Ankle (AAOS)
Ringworn - Athlete's foot (NHS)
Ringworn - Fungal nail infection (NHS)
Rotator Cuff and Shoulder Conditioning Program (AAOS)
Rotator Cuff and Shoulder Rehabilitation Exercises (AAOS)
Rotator Cuff Tears: Frequently Asked Questions (AAOS)
Rotator Cuff Tears: Surgical Treatment Options (AAOS)
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S
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Scaphoid Fracture of the Wrist (AAOS)
Scapula (Shoulder Blade) Fractures (AAOS)
Scapular (Shoulder Blade) Disorders (AAOS)
Scoliosis in Children and Adolescents (Au)
Scoliosis Surgery: Things to Consider (AAOS)
Scoliosis: Frequently Asked Questions (AAOS)
Sesamoiditis and Sesamoid Injury (Au)
Shinbone (Tibia)Fractures (Au)
Shoulder Impingement/Rotator Cuff Tendinitis (AAOS)
Shoulder Injuries in the Throwing Athlete (AAOS)
Shoulder Joint Replacement (AAOS)
Shoulder Joint Replacement (Au)
Shoulder Joint Tear (Glenoid Labrum Tear) (AAOS)
Shoulder Pain and Common Shoulder Problems (AAOS)
Shoulder Surgery Exercise Guide (AAOS)
Shoulder tendon, trapped (NHS)
Shoulder Trauma (Fractures and Dislocations) (AAOS)
Skin Infections in Athletes (AAOS)
Slings: How to use a sling (Au)
Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (AAOS)
Slipped Upper Femoral Epiphysis (Au)
Smoking - Passive smoking (NHS)
Spinal Deformity in Children with Myelomeningocele (AAOS)
Spinal Fusion Procedure (AAOS)
Spinal Stenosis Animation (AAOS)
Spine Conditioning Program (AAOS)
Spine Rehabilitation Exercises (AAOS)
Spleen disorders and splenectomy (NHS)
Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis (AAOS)
Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis (Au)
Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis (Au)
Sports Hernia (Athletic Pubalgia) (AAOS)
Sports Injuries - Cartilage damage (NHS)
Sports Injuries - Physiotherapy (NHS)
Sports Injuries - Shin splints (NHS)
Sports Injuries - Sprains (NHS)
Sports Injuries - Sprains and strains (NHS)
Sports Injuries - Tendonitis (NHS)
Sprains, Strains and Other Soft-Tissue Injuries (AAOS)
Sternoclavicular (SC) Joint Disorders (AAOS)
Steroid - Topical corticosteroids (NHS)
Stiff Big Toe (Hallux Rigidus) (AAOS)
Streptococcal infections (NHS)
Stress Fractures of the Foot and Ankle (AAOS)
Subacromial Decompression (Au)
Surgery for Ankle Fractures (Au)
Surgery for Jones Fractures (Au)
Surgical Safety Checklist: Steps Your Healthcare Team Takes (AAOS)
Surgical Treatment for Scoliosis (AAOS)
Synovial Chondromatosis (AAOS)
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T
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Tennis Elbow (Lateral Epicondylitis) (AAOS)
Tennis Elbow (Lateral Epicondylitis) (Au)
TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) (NHS)
Thighbone (Femur) Fractures In Children (AAOS)
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (AAOS)
Throwing Injuries in the Elbow in Children (AAOS)
Tibia (Shinbone) Shaft Fractures (AAOS)
Tibialis Posterior Dysfunction (Au)
Tick bites - Lyme disease (NHS)
Tight Shoes and Foot Problems (AAOS)
Toe and Forefoot Fractures (AAOS)
Total Elbow Replacement (AAOS)
Total Hip Replacement Exercise Guide (AAOS)
Total Hip Replacement Procedure (AAOS)
Total Joint Replacement (AAOS)
Total Joint Replacement: Questions Patients Should Ask Their Surgeon (AAOS)
Total Knee Replacement Exercise Guide (AAOS)
Total Knee Replacement Procedure (AAOS)
Transient Osteoporosis of the Hip (AAOS)
Treatment Options for Low Back Pain (AAOS)
Trochanteric Bursectomy with Iliotibial Band Release (Au)
Turf Toe | Sprain in the Big Toe (Au)
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U
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Ulnar Nerve Entrapment at the Elbow (Cubital Tunnel Syndrome) (AAOS)
Ulnar Tunnel Syndrome of the Wrist (AAOS)
Ulnar Tunnel Syndrome of the Wrist (Au)
Understanding Complementary and Alternative Medicine (AAOS)
Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty (Au)
Unicompartmental Knee Replacement (AAOS)
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V
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Venous thromboembolism (VTE) (NHS)
Viscosupplementation Treatment for Knee Arthritis (AAOS)
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W
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Weight loss (unexpected and unplanned) (NHS)
Weight-Bearing during Rehabilitation (Au)
What is a Hand Surgeon? (AAOS)
What Is a Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgeon? (AAOS)
Work related upper limb disorder (WRULD) (NHS)
Wrist Joint Replacement (Wrist Arthroplasty) (AAOS)
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X
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